Data Centers Face Growing Environmental and Litigation Risks
The environmental regulatory and litigation landscape for data centers has shifted. In the past several weeks, states with significant existing or planned data center development have announced new requirements affecting environmental permitting, water use, backup generation, electricity demand, and local approvals. At the same time, environmental groups are increasing their litigation toolkits — primarily, through Clean Air Act citizen suits — to challenge data centers and the power generation supporting them.
EPA Proposal Could Reduce New Source Review-Related Delays for Major Construction Projects
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently proposed a rule that could allow project developers of data centers, energy projects, and other facilities to begin certain site-development and infrastructure activities before obtaining a Clean Air Act (CAA) New Source Review (NSR) permit. The proposed rule, published on May 11, 2026, would clarify that certain non-emitting activities may occur before an NSR permit is issued, potentially providing greater flexibility for project development without altering the substantive air permitting requirements applicable to pollutant-emitting equipment. (more…)
Bringing Data Centers to the Grid: FERC’s Emerging Large Load Framework
On October 23, 2025, Secretary of Energy Chris Wright directed the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to consider an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANOPR) to initiate rulemaking procedures to “ensure the timely and orderly interconnection of large loads to the transmission systems.” Under the ANOPR, “large loads” are defined as those with a capacity of 20 MW or more, aligning with the definition of “large generation sources” in FERC’s Order No. 2003.
White House AI Action Plan Signals Environmental Regulation Reform for Data Centers
On July 23, 2025, the White House released “Winning the Race: America’s AI Action Plan” (“AI Action Plan”), outlining over 90 planned federal policy actions the Trump administration plans to implement to speed up artificial intelligence development across the United States. This rapid growth in domestic AI will result in an unprecedented U.S. demand for energy and require siting of significant electric generation assets to operate supporting infrastructure. Electricity demand from data centers represents a major new source of electricity demand and redundancy that will likely require a modernized approach to permitting and regulation to support sufficient growth on the Trump administration’s desired trajectory. For additional information on the impact of AI growth and the challenges of associated data center permitting, see Sidley’s blog posts here and here.
U.S. Department of Energy: U.S. Grid Faces Urgent Reliability Challenges Amid AI-Driven Load Growth and Plant Retirements
A new report by the U.S. Department of Energy provides a comprehensive assessment of the adequacy and reliability of the U.S. electric grid and warns that without urgent reforms and investment, the U.S. electric grid will be unable to support the nation’s economic ambitions, particularly in artificial intelligence (“AI”) and digital infrastructure. The report responds to recent executive orders emphasizing the need for a uniform, data-driven approach to evaluating grid reliability, particularly in the face of accelerating power plant retirements and surging electricity demand from data centers and AI applications.
Proactive Risk Management in the Face of Opposition to Data Centers and Crypto Mining
The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and cryptocurrency continues to drive unprecedented U.S. demand for energy. This acceleration is encountering an increasingly organized wave of opposition, particularly to the siting of electric generation assets required to operate data centers and crypto mining facilities. A new report from the Environmental Integrity Project (EIP), A Pollution Footprint the Size of Texas, sharply criticizes the permitting of new natural gas power plants in Texas — many of which are being built in order to support proposed power data centers and crypto mining projects.