FWS and NMFS Propose Four Rules Overhauling ESA Implementation: Greater Emphasis on Species-Specific Analysis, Economic Impacts, and Critical Habitat Exclusions
On November 21, 2025, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (collectively, the Services) have issued a coordinated package of four proposed rules that would significantly revise how the Endangered Species Act (ESA) is implemented. [1] Two of the rules apply to both agencies, and two are FWS-only. Together, the proposals would shift ESA implementation toward a more species-specific, economically informed, and text-focused framework, with important implications for energy, infrastructure, and land-use projects.
Fish and Wildlife Revives Incidental Take Saga Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
In latest saga surrounding the formidable Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA or Act), the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on April 21, 2025, withdrew its 2021 advance notice of proposed rulemaking to potentially authorize the incidental taking or killing of migratory birds, consistent with its interpretation of the Act. The 2021 advance notice promised a new regulatory scheme possibly authorizing the incidental take of migratory birds — a practice that would have broken with pre-2017 MBTA interpretation but more practically implement the Act in response to various needs, such as infrastructure permitting and development.
